Iconography and Chronology of the Inget Tolgoi Statue

Authors

  • Sodnomjamts Damchaabadgar School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1648-9886
  • Tsogtbaatar Batmunkh Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Building-1, Peace avenue, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
  • Amgalan Norovtseden Institute of Education and Culture, Mongolian Buddhists centre Gandantegchenlin Monastery, 16 khoroo, Bayangol District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
  • Munkhbayar Lkhagvadorj Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Building-1, Peace avenue, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
  • Ankhsanaa Ganbold National Center for Cultural Heritage, Buyant-Ukhaa 2, Ulaanbaatar 17120, Mongolia
  • Nandin-Erdene Nyam-Osor Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Building-1, Peace avenue, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
  • Uuganbayar Munkhtsogt Institute of Education and Culture, Mongolian Buddhists centre Gandantegchenlin Monastery, 16 khoroo, Bayangol District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Keywords:

Inget Tolgoi, Buddhism, Rouran Khaganate, Stone statue, Mudra

Abstract

The historical timeline of Buddhism introduction to Mongolia has long been studied through literary sources. However, archaeological evidence to substantiate these records remains insufficient. The anthropomorphic stone statue at Inget Tolgoi, located in Selenge Soum of Bulgan Province, is a crucial artifact for clarify the history of early Buddhist dissemination. Its general physical form, hairstyle, facial features, hand gestures (mudras), and the attire is resembled to the traditional iconography of the Buddha. These iconographic attributes carry profound symbolic meanings. The protrusion on the head represents the ushnisha. The right hand is depicted in the abhaya mudra, representing giving. Meanwhile the left hand shows the varada mudra, signfying the granting of boons. The figure is also draped in a kesa (a robe worm by monk), deeply featureing the universal compassion and protection. Similar Buddhist sculptures have been extensively recovered from Gandhara in Central Asia and temple ruins from the Northern Dynasties of China. Regionally, the most closely related artifact is a bronze triad of the Maitreya Bodhisattva dating to 441 CE, discovered at the Ivolga settlement in Buryatia. Archaeological and ethnographic data indicate that the Inget Tolgoi statue was relocated several times for various reasons. However, we hypothesize that it was originally enshrined temple atop Inget Tolgoi hill. Based on comparative analysis and laboratory findings, this Buddhist-style statue is dated to the 5th–6th centuries CE. This period corresponds to the late of the Rouran Khaganate.

Ингэт толгойн хөшөөний дүрслэл ба он цагийн асуудал

Хураангуй. Монгол нутагт бурхны шашин хэдий үед анх дэлгэрсэн тухай түүхийн асуудлыг эрдэмтэн судлаачид сурвалж бичгийн мэдээнд тулгуурлан сонирхон судалж ирсэн боловч түүнийг батлах археологийн хэрэглэгдэхүүн одоо хүртэл хангалттай бус байна. Харин түрүү үеийн дэлгэрэлтийн түүхийн асуудлыг цаашид нэхэн тодруулахад Булган аймгийн Сэлэнгэ сумын нутагт орших Ингэт толгойн хүн чулуун хөшөө чухал хэрэглэгдэхүүн болох бөгөөд биеийн ерөнхий төрх, үсний засал, нүүр царай, хоёр гарын байрлал, хувцас зэргээрээ бурхан багшийн дүр төрхтэй ижил байна. Дүрслэлийн эдгээр шинж нь цаанаа нарийн утга бэлгэдэлтэй ба хөшөөний тэргүүнд үснирийг (ushnisha) овгор байдлаар товойлгон урласан бол баруун гар нь дээдийг өгөхийн мутарлаг (abhaya mudra), зүүн гар нь авралыг өгөхийн мутарлаг (varaba mudra) бөгөөд бурхны номт дээл (kesa) өмссөн байдлаар дүрслэн харуулсан нь хамаг бүхнийг энэрч хамгаалах чанад агуулгатай аж. Үүнтэй ижил төстэй бурхан дүрсэлсэн хөшөө Дундад Азийн Гандхара, Умардын төрийн үеийн сүм хийдийн тууриас олон тоогоор олдсоны зэрэгцээ одоогоор бүс нутгийн хэмжээнд хамгийн ойролцоо баримт нь Буриадын нутаг дахь Иволгийн дурсгалаас олдсон 441 онд холбогдох гурван майдар бодсидавагийн дүрт хүрэл баримал тооцогдоно. Ингэт толгойн хөшөөг янз бүрийн шалтгаанаар хэд хэдэн удаа зөөсөн болохыг археологи болон угсаатны зүйн мэдээ баримт нотлох бөгөөд бидний таамаглаж буйгаар анх Ингэт толгойн орой дээрх тахилын сүмийн үүдэнд оршиж байсан хэмээн үзэв. Харьцуулсан болон лабораторийн судалгааны үр дүнд тулгуурлан Ингэт толгойн бурхны дүрт хөшөөний он цагийг НТ V-VI зууны үе буюу Жужаны хаант улсын төгсгөл үед холбогдуулан үзэж байна.

Түлхүүр үг: Ингэт толгой, Бурхны шашин, Жужаны хаант улс, Хөшөө чулуу, мутарлаг

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Published

2026-06-30

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Iconography and Chronology of the Inget Tolgoi Statue. (2026). Studia Archaeologica, 49(1), 112-127. https://doi.org/10.5564/sa/v49i1.5560

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How to Cite

Iconography and Chronology of the Inget Tolgoi Statue. (2026). Studia Archaeologica, 49(1), 112-127. https://doi.org/10.5564/sa/v49i1.5560

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