Determination of OCPs and PCBs in environmental water samples by GC-DLLME optimized by Response Surface Methodology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v20i46.1237Keywords:
Organochlorine pesticides, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, environmental waters, response surface methodology, polychlorinated biphenylsAbstract
A new sample preparation procedure to determine seven organochlorine pesticides and seven polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental water samples by using a combination of ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction was established, and the extracted analytes were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector. Some parameters influencing the extraction efficiency were studied and optimized utilizing response surface methodology. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the method showed wide linear ranges with r2 > 0.9989 and low limits of detection and quantification between 0.16 ~ 2.17 μg/L and 0.53 ~ 7.16 μg/L, respectively. Enrichment factors (EF) were high and ranged from 63 to 116. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) for the extraction of 25 μg/L of each selected OCPs and PCBs were less than 10.2 %. The proposed method was successfully used for targets contaminations determination in different water samples. α-HCH, β-HCH and p,p’-DDE were found in lake water closed to farmland with concentrations of 2.56 μg/L, 4.44 μg/L and 4.74 μg/L, respectively, and other OCPs and PCBs were not found in the corresponding water samples. The relative recoveries of OCPs and PCBs from tap water, river water and lake water at spiking levels of 10 μg/L were in the range of 81.9 ~ 109.7 %, within a relative standard deviation of 1.7 ~ 11.8 %. The results revealed that the proposed method was well suited for the determination of trace amounts of target contaminations in liquid samples.
Downloads
1333
References
Alonso-Hernandez C.M., Mesa-Albernas M., Tolosa I. (2014) Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments from the Gulf of Batabano, Cuba. Chemosphere, 94, 36-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.007
Shao Y., Han S., Ouyang J., Yang G.S., Liu W.H., et.al. (2016) Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface water around Beijing. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23(24), 24824-24833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7663-4
Combi T., Taniguchi S., Figueira R.C., Mahiques M.M., Martins C.C. (2013) Spatial distribution and historical input of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments from a subtropical estuary (Guaratuba Bay, SW Atlatic).Mar. Pollut. Bull., 70(1-2), 247-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.02.022
Roszko M., Jędrzejczak R., Szymczyk K. (2014) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated diphenyls ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pesticides in selected cereals available on the Polish retail market. Sci. Total. Environ., 466-467, 136-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.016
Klil-Drori A.J., Kleinstern G., Seir R.A., Choshen-Cohen L., Abdeen Z. (2018) Serum organochlorines and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A case-control study in Israeli Jews and Palestinians. Chemosphere, 213, 395-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.069
Li Y., Chen P., Huang S. (2013) Water with low concentration of surfactant in dispersed solvent-assisted emulsion dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in aqueous samples. J. Chromatography A, 1300, 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.073
Kim M., Song N.R., Hong J.K., Lee J., Pyo H. (2013) Quantitative analysis of organochlorine pesticides in human serum using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chemosphere, 92, 279-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.052
Zhou Q., Wang J.J., Meng B.D., Cheng J.Q., Lin G.P et.al. (2013) Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soils from central China. Ecotox. Environ. Safe., 93, 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.029
Ouyang H.L., Wang Q.M., He W., Qin N., Kong X.Z et.al. (2014) Organochlorine pesticides in the dust fall around Lake Chaohu, the fifth largest lake in China. Environ. Monit. Assess., 186, 383-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3383-0
Stockholm Convention. 2009. http://www.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/AllPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx.
Martins J.G., Chávez A.A., Waliszewski S.M., Cruz A.C. (2013) Extraction and clean-up methods for organochlorine pesticides determination in milk. Chemosphere, 92, 233-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.008
Fu J.M., Mai B.X., Sheng G.Y., Zhang G., Wang X.M. (2003) Persistent organic pollutants in environment of the Pearl river Delta, China: An Overview. Chemosphere, 52, 1411-1422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00477-6
Shi Y.J., Lu Y.L., Meng F.Q., Guo F.F., Zheng X.Q. (2013) Occurrence of organic chlorinated pesticides and their ecological effects on soil protozoa in the agricultural soils of North Western Beijing, China. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe., 92, 123-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.006
Yuan L.X., Qi S.H., Wu X.G., Wu C.X., Xing X.L et.al. (2013) Spatial and temporal variations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water and sediments from Honghu Lake, China. J. Geochem. Explor., 132, 181-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.07.002
Harrad S., Goosey E., Desborough J., Abdallah M.A., Roosens L et.al. (2010) Dust from U.K. primary school classrooms and daycare centers: the significance of dust as a pathway of exposure of young U.K. children to brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 4198-4202. https://doi.org/10.1021/es100750s
Lin W., Jiang R.F., Xiong Y.X., Wu J.Y., Xu J.Q et.al. (2019) Quantification of the combined toxic effect of polychlorinated biphenyls and nano-sized polystyrene on Daphnia magna. J. Hazard. Mater., 364, 531-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.056
Perugini M., Manera M., Tavoloni T., Lestingi C., Pecorelli I et.al. (2013) Temporal trends of PCBs in feed and dietary influence in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Food Chem., 141(3), 2321-2327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.062
Baert J.M., Janssen C.R., Borga K., De Laender F. (2013) Migration and opportunistic feeding increase PCB accumulation in Arctic seabirds. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47(20), 11793-11801. https://doi.org/10.1021/es402898t
Rosenfelder N., Vetter W. (2014) Polychlorinated terphenyl patterns and levels in selected marine mammals and a river fish from different continents. Environ. Inter., 62, 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.008
Navarro-Ortega A., Tauler R., Lacorte S., Barcelo D. (2010) Occurrence and transport of PAHs, pesticides and alkylphenols in sediment samples along the Ebro River Basin. J. Hydrol., 383(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.12.031
Zhang Y.Z., Tang C.Y., Song X.F., Dun Y., Meng W et.al. (2013) Concentrations, potential sources and behavior of organochlorines and phenolic endocrine-disrupting chemicals in surficial sediment of the Shaying River, eastern China. Environ. Earth. Sci., 70(5), 2237-2247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2378-z
Sibali L.L., Okwonkwo J.O., McCrindle R.I. (2008) Determination of selected organochlorine pesticide (OCP) compounds from the Jukskei River catchment area in Gauteng, South Africa. Water SA, 34(5), 611-622. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v34i5.180659
Ta N., Zhou F., Gao Z.Q., Zhong M., Sun C. (2006) The status of pesticide residues in the drinking water sources in Meiliangwan Bay, Taihu lake of China. Environ. Monit. Assess., 123(1-3), 351-370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9202-0
Gao L.L., Yan C.H., Yu X.D., Tian Y., Zou X.Y et.al. (2012) Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in human serum by gas chromatography with micro-electron capture detector. J. Chroma. Sci., 50(2), 145-150. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmr031
Popp P., Bauer C., Mӧder M., Paschke A. (2000) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waste water by off-line coupling of solid-phase microextraction with column liquid chromatography. J. Chromatography A, 897(1-2), 153-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00820-7
Stack M.A., Fitzgerald G., O'Connell S., James K.J. (2000) Measurement of trihalomethanes in potable and recreational waters using solid phase micro extraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chemosphere, 41(11), 1821-1826. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00047-3
Cho D.H., Kong S.H., Oh S.G. (2003) Analysis of trihalomethanes in drinking water using headspace-SPME technique with gas chromatography. Water Res., 37(2), 402-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00285-3
Shen G., Lee H.K. (2002) Hollow fiber-protected liquid-phase microextraction of triazine herbicides. Anal. Chem., 74(3), 648-654 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac010561o
Ahmadi F., Assadi Y., Milani Hosseini S.M.R., Rezaee M. (2006) Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples by single drop microextraction and gas chromatography-flame photometric detector. J. Chromatography A, 1101(1-2), 307-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.017
Rezaee M., Assadi Y., Milani Hosseini S.M.R., Aghaee E., Ahmadi F et.al. (2006) Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. J. Chromatography A, 1116 (1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.007
Zhao X., Fu L., Hu J., Li J., Wang H et.al. (2009) Analysis of PAHs in water and fruit juice samples by DLLME combined with LC-Fluorescence detection. Chromatographia, 69(11), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1365/s10337-009-1099-7
Meryemoglu B., Hasanoglu A., Kaya B., Irmak S., Erbatur O. (2014) Hydrogen production from aqueous-phase reforming of sorghum biomass: An application of the response surface methodology. Renewable Energy, 62, 535-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.08.018
Zhang Y.B., Wang L.H., Zhang D.Y., Zhou L.L., Guo Y.X. (2014) Ultrasound-assisted extraction and purification of schisandrin B from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Baill seeds: optimization by response durface methodology. Ultrason. Sonochem., 21(2), 461-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.09.009
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright on any research article in the Mongolian Journal of Chemistry is retained by the author(s).
The authors grant the Mongolian Journal of Chemistry a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher.
Articles in the Mongolian Journal of Chemistry are Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License CC BY.
This license permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
