International experiences in supporting national security through defense budget policies
Keywords:
security, defense, budget, budget policyAbstract
Over the past 10 years, global military spending has risen continuously, reaching USD 2.718 trillion in 2024, the highest level in history. Behind this growth are multiple factors, including the Russia–Ukraine war, competition in the Indo-Pacific, advanced weapons development, and the need for cyber, air, and missile defense1. In such circumstances, the defense budget is no longer merely a financial instrument but has become a foundational tool of national security policy.
Some countries tie defense spending to a specific percentage of GDP; others strengthen capabilities through medium-term programs; and still others finance the defense industrial base, reserve systems, and allied coordination simultaneously. This article comparatively analyzes the experiences of selected countries that support their national security through defense budget policy and seeks to identify common lessons. Poland, Japan, Finland, and South Korea were selected for the study. Although their security environments and economic capacities differ, they share the common feature of making the defense budget a central instrument of security policy. In other words, the issue is no longer only “how much to spend,” but rather a strategic decision about “what threats to address, over what time frame, with what capabilities, and by what means to invest."2
Батлан хамгаалах төсвийн бодлогоор үндэсний аюулгүй байдлыг дэмжих олон улсын туршлага
Хураангуй. Сүүлийн 10 жилд дэлхийн цэргийн зардал тасралтгүй өсөж, 2024 онд 2,718 их наяд ам долларт хүрсэн нь түүхэн дээд түвшин болсон байна. Үүний цаана Орос-Украйны дайн, Энэтхэг-Номхон далайн өрсөлдөөн, дэвшилтэт зэвсэглэл, кибер болон агаар-пуужингийн хамгаалалтын хэрэгцээ зэрэг олон хүчин зүйлс нөлөөлж байна . Ийм нөхцөлд батлан хамгаалах төсөв нь зөвхөн санхүүгийн хэрэгсэл бус, харин үндэсний аюулгүй байдлын бодлогын суурь хэрэгсэл болж өөрчлөгдлөө. Зарим улс батлан хамгаалах зардлыг ДНБ-ний тодорхой хувьтай уяж, зарим улс орон дунд хугацааны хөтөлбөрөөр аюулгүй байдлын чадавхаа бэхжүүлэх, нөгөө хэсэг нь батлан хамгаалах аж үйлдвэрийн бааз, нөөцийн тогтолцоо, холбоотны уялдааг хамтад нь санхүүжүүлэх зэрэг арга хэмжээнүүдийг хэрэгжүүлж байна. Энэхүү өгүүллээр батлан хамгаалах төсвийн бодлогоор үндэсний аюулгүй байдлаа дэмжиж буй зарим улс орны туршлагыг харьцуулан шинжилж, түүнээс гарч буй нийтлэг сургамжийг тодорхойлохоор зорьж Польш, Япон, Финланд, БНСУ зэрэг улсуудыг сонгон судлав. Эдгээр улсуудын аюулгүй байдлын орчин, эдийн засгийн чадавх харилцан адилгүй боловч батлан хамгаалах төсвийг аюулгүй байдлын бодлогын төв хэрэгсэл болгосон нийтлэг шинж ажиглагдсан. Өөрөөр хэлбэл төсөв нь “хэдийг зарцуулах вэ” гэсэн асуултаас цааш, “ямар аюулд, ямар хугацаанд, ямар чадавхад, ямар аргаар хөрөнгө оруулах вэ” гэсэн стратегийн шийдвэрийн асуудал болжээ .
Түлхүүр үг: аюулгүй байдал, батлан хамгаалах төсөв, төсвийн бодлого.
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References
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[2] Japan Ministry of Defense, Progress and Budget in Fundamental Reinforcement of Defense Capabilities in FY2025 (Tokyo, 2025); Japan Ministry of Defense, Defense of Japan 2025: Reference (Tokyo, 2025).
[3] Japan Ministry of Defense, Defense of Japan 2025: Reference, Reference 1–3; Japan Ministry of Defense, Progress and Budget in Fundamental Reinforcement of Defense Capabilities in FY2025.
[4] Japan Ministry of Defense, Progress and Budget in Fundamental Reinforcement of Defense Capabilities in FY2025
[5] Ministry of Defense of Finland, “Defense Budget,” 2025
[6] NATO, Defense Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014–2025)
[7] https://www.sipri.org/ Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2024
[8] Darcie Draudt-Vajras and others, “The Future of K-Power: What South Korea Must Do After Peaking,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2024, citing the Republic of Korea’s 2024–2028 Mid-Term Defense Plan
[9] SIPRI, Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2024; Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Poland, “Westerplatte – Never Again Alone and Weak!,” 1 September 2024; NATO, Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014–2025).
[10] SIPRI, Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2024; Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Poland, “Westerplatte – Never Again Alone and Weak!”.
[11] Japan Ministry of Defense, Defense of Japan 2025: Reference, Reference Japan Ministry of Defense, Progress and Budget in Fundamental Reinforcement of Defense Capabilities in FY2025.
[12] Japan Ministry of Defense, Progress and Budget in Fundamental Reinforcement of Defense Capabilities in FY2025.
[13] Ministry of Defence of Finland, “Defence Budget,” 2025.
[14] Ministry of Defence of Finland, “Defence Budget,” 2025; NATO, Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014–2025).
[15] SIPRI, Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2024.
[16] Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. “The Future of K-Power: What South Korea Must Do After Peaking.” 2024.
[17] Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Poland. “Westerplatte – Never Again Alone and Weak!” 1 September 2024.
[18] Japan Ministry of Defense. Defense of Japan 2025: Reference. Tokyo, 2025.
[19] Japan Ministry of Defense. Progress and Budget in Fundamental Reinforcement of Defense Capabilities in FY2025. Tokyo, 2025.
[20] Layne, Christopher. The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006.
[21] NATO. Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014–2025). Brussels, 2025.
[22] NATO. “Funding NATO.” 2025.
[23] SIPRI. Liang, Xiao, Nan Tian, Diego Lopes da Silva, Lorenzo Scarazzato, Zubaida Karim, and Jade Guiberteau Ricard. Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2024. Stockholm, 2025. https://doi.org/10.55163/AVEC8366
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